Lakes Foot & Ankle Associates / Lakes SurgiCare Center - Southeast Michigan's ONLY JCAHO Accredited Podiatrist Practice.

PATHOLOGY: Achilles Tendonitis

What is the Achilles Tendon?

The Achilles tendon is the strongest and largest tendon in the body. It is a tendinous structure (attaches muscle to bone) that forms from a combination of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles located in the calf. The tendon attaches to the heel bone (calcaneus) and causes the foot to push off (plantar flex) when the calf muscles tighten. The tendon is necessary for normal walking, running, and jumping. Athletic and traumatic injuries to the Achilles tendon are common and can be disabling.

What is this injury?

Tendinitis is inflammation of a tendon. Thus, Achilles tendinitis is an inflammation of the Achilles tendon. The inflammation may be localized to the end of the tendon closest to the heel or may spread upward to affect even the muscles of the calf. Swelling often occurs and pain is felt upon contraction of the calf muscles. In severe cases, pain may be felt even at rest.

Generally, Achilles tendinitis begins as a dull pain at the back of the lower leg just above the heel when pushing off the ground with the foot. Unless the activity is stopped, the condition rapidly gets worse until any activity requiring a push-off from the ground by the foot becomes quite painful and nearly impossible. If it is left untreated, it can develop into one of two more serious conditions — Achilles tendinosis and Insertional Calcific Tendinitis. These are degenerative change in the tendon and are very resistant to treatment.

How does the injury occur?

The majority of Achilles tendon injuries are due to overuse injuries. Other factors that lead to Achilles tendonitis are improper shoe selection, inadequate stretching prior to engaging in athletics, a short Achilles tendon, direct trauma (injury) to the tendon, training errors and heel bone deformity.

There is significant evidence that people with feet that role in excessively (over-pronate) are at greater risk for developing Achilles tendinitis. The increased pronation puts additional stress on the tendon, therefore, placing it at greater risk for injury.

How does over-pronation cause Achilles Tendinitis?

During normal gait, the thigh bone (femur) and the major leg bone (tibia) rotate in unison as your foot goes through a normal rolling-in (pronation) and rolling-out (supination).

However, when a person over-pronates, the tibia continues to rotate internally when the femur is rotating externally. The resulting counter rotation of the femur and the tibia causes a shearing force to occur in the Achilles tendon. This occurs because the Achilles tendon is made of two muscles—one of which (the Gastrocnemius) is attached to the femur while the other (the Soleus) is attached to the tibia. This shearing force twists the tendon at its weakest area, namely the Achilles tendon itself, and causes the inflammation.

Because the over-pronation puts such a great stress on the Achilles tendon, custom functional orthotics designed to control over-pronation are an important part of the treatment plan for this problem.

Treatment

The latest studies on Achilles tendonitis recommend a treatment plan that incorporates the following three components:

Treatment of the inflammation
Strengthening of the muscles that make up the Achilles tendon using eccentric exercise
Biomechanical control (the use of orthotics and proper shoes).

Surgery?

Sometimes surgery is required to help solve chronic achilles tendon problems. Some of the surgical procedures are minimally invasive whereas some require more extensive work. The Doctors at Lakes Foot & Ankle Associates will educate you on your treatment options.